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Acknowledgments. Introduction:. Formative Moments in the History of Literary Criticism. Historical Backgrounds of Modern Criticism and Theory. The Scope of Modern Literary and Cultural Criticism. 1. The First Decades: From Liberal Humanism to Formalism. The New Humanists, Neo-Romantics, and Precursors of Formalism. The Background of Modernism. The Poetics of Modernism: W.B. Yeats, Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot. Formalism:. Russian Formalism:. Boris Eichenbaum (1886–1959). Mikhail M. Bakhtin (1895–1975). Roman Jakobson (1896–1982). The New Criticism:. John Crowe Ransom (1888–1974). William K. Wimsatt, Jr. (1907–1975) and Monroe C. Beardsley (1915–1985). 2. Socially Conscious Criticism of the Earlier Twentieth Century. F. R. Leavis (1895–1978) and Scrutiny. Marxist and Left-Wing Criticism:. Socialist Criticism in Britain. The Fundamental Principles of Marxism. Marxist Literary Criticism: A Historical Overview. Early Feminist Criticism: Virginia Woolf and Simone de Beauvoir:. Virginia Woolf (1882–1941). Simone de Beauvoir (1908–1986). 3. Criticism and Theory After the Second World War. Edmund Husserl (1859–1938) and Phenomenology. Martin Heidegger (1889–1976) and Existentialism. Georges Bataille (1897–1962) and Heterology. Structuralism:. Ferdinand de Saussure (1857–1913). Roland Barthes (1915–1980). 4. The Era of Poststructuralism (I): Later Marxism, Psychoanalysis, Deconstruction. Later Marxist Criticism:. Terry Eagleton (b. 1943). Psychoanalysis: Freud and Lacan:. Sigmund Freud (1856–1939). Jacques Lacan (1901–1981). Jacques Derrida (1930–2004) and Deconstruction. 5. The Era of Poststructuralism (II): Postmodernism, Modern Feminism, Gender Studies. Postmodernism:. Jürgen Habermas (b. 1929). Jean Baudrillard (1929–2007). Jean-François Lyotard (1924–1998). bell hooks (Gloria Jean Watkins; b. 1952). Modern Feminism:. French Feminism. American Feminism. British Feminism. Julia Kristeva (b. 1941). He;lène Cixous (b. 1937). Gender Studies:. Gayle Rubin (b. 1949). Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick (b. 1950). Judith Butler (b. 1956). 6. The Later Twentieth Century: New Historicism, Reader-Response Theory, and Postcolonial Criticism. New Historicism:. Michel Foucault (1926–1984). Reader-Response and Reception Theory:. Wolfgang Iser (b. 1926). Stanley Fish (b. 1938). Postcolonial Criticism:. Edward Said (1935–2004). Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (b. 1942). Homi K. Bhabha (b. 1949). Henry Louis Gates, Jr. (b. 1950). 7. Cultural Studies and Film Theory. Cultural Studies:. Raymond Williams (1921–1988). Stuart Hall (b. 1932). Dick Hebdige (b. 1951). John Fiske. Susan Bordo (b. 1947). Film Theory:. Andrew Sarris (b. 1928) and Auteur Theory. Jim Kitses: The Study of Genre. Christian Metz (1931–1993): A Psychoanalytic Perspective. Laura Mulvey (b. 1941): Feminist Film Theory. 8. Contemporary Directions: The Return of the Public Intellectual. The New Liberalism: Martha Nussbaum, Elaine Scarry, John Carey:. Martha Nussbaum (b. 1947). Elaine Scarry (b. 1946). John Carey (b. 1934). The New Aestheticism. The New Theorists of Revolution: Žižek, Hardt, Negri. Slavoj Žižek (b. 1949). Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri: The Concept of Empire. Epilogue: The Myth of Liberal Humanism. Index