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CONTENTS List of Figures Preface Acknowledgments I ¿Foundations, Developmental Issues and Assessment Chapter 1 The Philosophical and Historical Foundations The Terminology and Basic Assumptions Historical Perspective * Radical Behaviourism * Cognitive Behaviourism * Systematic Eclecticism Chapter 2 Conceptual Issues Antecedents Consequences Stimulus Control Generalisation and Discrimination Applications Chapter 3 Psychobiological basis of Behaviour Therapy Behavioural ¿Markers¿ Stimulus Control and Functional Autonomy Early Trauma Conditionability Reinforcement Cognitive map, Brain Injury and ¿Diaschisis¿ Chapter 4 Developmental Perspective Child as a Client Identifying Dysfunction Learning and Developmental Progression Preparedness Cognitive Developmental Level and Treatment Outcome Capacity to Use Imagery Self-control Adaptation of Techniques Treatment Decisions Recommendations Chapter 5 Behavioural Assessment and Diagnosis Behavioural Diagnosis Behavioural Assessment * Defining behaviour * Checklists, * Self-assessment * Direct Behavioural Observation Methods of Observation * Event recording * Duration recording * Latency recording * Interval sampling * Real time sampling * Intensity recording Assessing Group Behaviour Observer Training Analogue Assessment: * Paper and pencil analogue * Audiovisual analogue, * Enactment and role play analogue Observer agreement * Methods of computing inter-observer agreement * Frequency ratio * Point-by-point agreement * Correlation method II-Techniques of Behaviour Therapy Chapter 6 Reinforcing Desirable Responding Nature of Reinforcement Types of Reinforcers * Edibles * Activity * Attention * Tokens Schedules of Reinforcement Automatic Reinforcement Reinforcer Sampling Effects of Reinforcement on Therapist Chapter 7 Developing New Behaviour Shaping * Stimulus Shaping * Response Shaping Chaining * Task Analysis * Forward Chaining * Backward Chaining Prompting and Fading * Stimulus Prompts * Response Prompts * Response Fading * Stimulus Fading Chapter 8 Modelling and Observational Learning Rationale Modelling Vicarious Contingencies Participant Modelling Effects of Modelling Modelling Process * Attention Process * Retention Process * Motor Reproduction Process * Motivational Process Modelling in Relation to Other Therapies Applications Chapter 9 Aversive Procedures Types of Punishment Theories Rationale Uses and Abuses Aversive Stimuli Determinants of Effective Punishment Generalisation of Treatment Effects of Punishment * Conditioned emotional response * Aggression * Habituation Predictors of Positive Outcome Ethical Issues Conclusion Chapter 10 Non-aversive Procedures Extinction * Applications * Factors Affecting Effective Eextinction Differential reinforcement * Differential Reinforcement of ¿0¿ Rate Behaviour (DRO) * Differential Rreinforcement of Low Rate Behaviour (DRL) * Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behaviour (DRI) * Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behaviour (DRA) Punishment by Withdrawal Time-out * How Long Should the time-out be? * Schedules of Time-Out Response Cost Overcorrection Chapter 11 Exposure Procedures Flooding Flooding and Systematic Desensitisation Implosion Aversion Relief Chapter 12 Relaxation and Systematic Desensitisation Relaxation Systematic Desensitisation Theoretical Basis * Reciprocal Inhibition Theory, * Habituation Theory, * Cognitive Theory Method * Relaxation Training, * Construction of Hierarchy * Desensitisation Procedure Chapter 13 Restricted Environmental Stimulation Techniques The Technique The Rationale Research Applications Conclusion Chapter 14 Eye Movement Desensitisation Reprocessing: EMDR The Process Theoretical Models * Adaptive Information-processing Model * Conditioning Model * Orienting Response Model Applications Empirical Studies Future Direction Chapter 15 Covert Conditioning Procedures Covert Sensitisation Theory Research Application * Sexual deviance * Addictive Behaviour * Overeating Thought-stopping Theory Research and Application * Obsession * Phobia Empirical Status Chapter 16 Cognitive-behaviour Therapy Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy * The A-B-C paradigm, * The Techniques * Cognitive Techniques * Emotive-experiential Techniques * Activity-oriented Behavioural Techniques Beck¿s Cognitive Therapy The Techniques * Collaborative Empiricism, * Socratic Dialogue, * Guided Discovery Stress Inoculation * Cognitive preparation, * Skill acquisition * Application and practice Applications of CBT Religiousity and Spirituality Conclusion III-Research and Practice Chapter 17 Research Designs Group Designs * Randomisation * Limitations of Group Design Single-case Designs * Dependent Variables, * Baseline, * B-Design, * B-C Design * A-B Design * A-B-C Design * A-B-A Design * A-B-A-C-D Design Successive and Simultaneous Design Combined or Interaction Designs A-BC-B-BC Design Multiple Baseline Design Within-subject Variability Chapter 18 The Evidence-based Approach Theory-driven vs. Diagnosis-based Protocol Approach Evidence-based Behaviour Therapy * Type-I: Efficacy Research * Type-II: Transportability * Type-III: Dissemination * Type-IV: System Evaluation Chapter 19 Ethical Issues in Behaviour Therapy Humanism and Behaviour Therapy Acceptability of Treatment Informed Consent Confidentiality Balancing Harms and Benefits Respect for Human Dignity Bibliography Index Appendices Appendix 1: Behaviour History Form for Adults Appendix 2: Behaviour History Form (Child) Appendix 3: Behaviour Analysis Form Appendix 4: Treatment Consent Form Appendix 5: Treatment Record Form Appendix 6: Home Assignment Form About the Author