Kaynakça (s. 153-154) var.

Acknowledgements xi Introduction 1 Part I ¿ Making Preparations 5 Project Planning Checklist 5 1 Preliminaries 7 Recognizing Realities 7 As a student on a course 7 If you are by yourself 7 If you are doing this as part of your job 8 To everybody 8 Making It Worthwhile 8 Considering Your Audience(s) 9 Individual or Group Research? 10 Types of group research 11 Support groups 11 Working together successfully 12 Project Milestones 12 The Structure of the Book 14 End- of- chapter Tasks 15 Further Reading 15 Chapter 1 Tasks 16 2 Approaches to Research 18 A Concern for Truth 18 Different Purposes of Research 19 Description 19 Exploration 20 v Explanation 20 Emancipation 20 Research Design 21 The qualitative/quantitative divide 21 Fixed and fl exible designs 22 Fixed designs 22 Flexible designs 22 Overview of Some Different Research Traditions 23 Action research 23 Case studies 26 Documentary analysis 27 Ethnographic research 30 Evaluation research 32 Experiments 35 Grounded theory studies 39 Surveys 41 A note on feminist research 44 Choosing an Approach 44 Further Reading 45 Chapter 2 Tasks 46 3 Developing Your Ideas 47 Selecting a Topic 47 Replication research 50 From a Topic to Research Questions 50 From Research Questions to a Research Design 51 Do I really need research questions? 52 Hypotheses 53 Developing the Design 53 Finding and Using Sources 54 Planning the search for sources 55 Internet searching 56 Library searching 61 Asking the author 62 Dealing with the sources 62 Ethical Considerations 64 Ethical committees 65 Ethics guidelines 66 Avoiding the unethical 66 Confi rming Your Choices 67 Further Reading 67 Chapter 3 Tasks 69 Contents vi 4 Selecting the Method(s) of Collecting Data 70 Trustworthiness and Credibility 71 Reliability 71 Validity 72 Research arguments 72 Data Collection Methods 73 Interviews 73 Fully structured interviews 73 Semi- structured interviews 74 Unstructured interviews 75 Group interviews 76 Telephone interviews 77 Using interviews in your project 78 Questionnaires and Diaries 79 Questionnaires 79 Diaries 80 Using questionnaires or diaries in your project 81 Tests and Scales 82 Using tests or scales in your project 83 Observation ¿ Structured and Participant 84 Structured observation 84 Participant observation 84 Using observation in your project 86 Using Documents and Other Secondary Sources 88 Library research 90 Unobtrusive measures 90 Using documents in your project 91 Other Methods 91 Using Multiple Methods 92 Which Method? 92 Further Reading 94 Chapter 4 Tasks 94 Part II ¿ Doing It 95 5 Practicalities of Data Collection 97 Sampling and Sample Sizes 97 Representative samples 98 Non- probability samples 99 Informed Consent 100 Laboratory Research 100 Gaining Access for Field Research 100 Contents vii Formal and informal contracts 103 Getting on and getting out 103 Insider research 104 Pilots 105 Collecting the Data 106 What to Do if You Run into Diffi culties or out of Time 107 Further Reading 108 Chapter 5 Tasks 109 Part III ¿ Making Something of It 113 6 Analysing and Interpreting Your Findings 115 What This Chapter Tries to Do 115 Preparing for Analysis 116 Quantitative (Numerical) Data 117 Categorical variables 117 Ordered categorical variables 118 Summarizing and displaying categorical data 119 Continuous variables 122 Calculating summary statistics with continuous variables 123 Calculating variability 124 Displaying continuous variables 125 Statistical tests and statistical signifi cance 125 Effect sizes 126 Clinical signifi cance 127 What test do I use? 127 Qualitative Data 130 Data reduction and organization 130 An example ¿ the grounded theory approach to analysis 132 Using specialist computer packages for qualitative data analysis 133 Summary of qualitative data analysis 134 Interpretation ¿ What Is Going on Here? 135 Further Reading 137 Chapter 6 Tasks 138 7 Writing the Report 139 Planning and Drafting 140 Research Arguments 142 Claims 143 Reasons and evidence 143 Considering Your Audience(s) Again 145 Avoiding Plagiarism 146 Contents viii Professional Standards 146 Language matters 147 References 147 Abstracts and executive summaries 148 The First Full Draft 148 Revising and Polishing 149 The Final Version 150 Other Forms of Presentation 150 A Final Word 151 Further Reading 151 Chapter 7 Tasks 152 References and Author Index 153 Subject Index 155 Contents ix