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Chapter 1 HISTORY AND ROLE OF PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION IN URBAN DEVELOPMENT 1.1 Early development of cities 1.1.1 Transportation and locations of cities 1.1.2 Transportation and city size 1.1.3 Form and structure of cities 1.1.4 The industrial revolution, urbanization, and growth of cities 1.2 Beginnings of public transportation 1.2.1 Public transportation before the Nineteenth Century 1.2.2 Horse-drawn omnibuses 1.2.3 Horse-drawn tramways 1.2.4 Mechanized street transit technologies before 1880 1.3 Invention of electric streetcar/tramways 1.3.1 Beginnings of electric streetcars in the USA 1.3.2 Introduction of electric tramways in Europe 1.4 Street transit development since 1900 1.4.1 Streetcars/tramways 1.4.2 Motorbuses 1.4.3 Trolleybuses 1.5 Development of high-speed rail transit modes 1.5.1 Suburban railways/regional rail 1.5.2 Electric interurban railways 1.5.3 Rapid transit/Metro 1.6 Overview and conclusions: transit development and cities Chapter 2 URBAN PASSENGER TRANSPORT MODES 2.1 Transit system definitions and classification 2.1.1 Classification by type of usage 2.1.2 Transit modes 2.1.3 Transit system components 2.1.4 Transit system operations, service and characteristics 2.2 Theory of urban passenger transport modes 2.2.1 Transportation system evolution in a model urban area 2.2.2 Review of modal features 2.3 The family of transit modes: categories and descriptions 2.3.1 Paratransit 2.3.2 Street transit modes 2.3.3 Medium-capacity modes: semirapid transit 2.3.4 High performance modes: rapid transit 2.3.5 Specialized transit modes 2.3.6 Review of the family of regular transit modes 2.3.7 Commuter transit 2.4 Trends in transit ridership and in use of different modes 2.4.1 Urban travel and transit ridership 2.4.2 Increasing diversity of transit modes Chapter 3 VEHICLE MOTION AND PERFORMANCE 3.1 Vehicle motion 3.2 Resistance to motion 3.2.1 Vehicle resistance 3.2.2 Alignment resistance 3.3 Internal combustion engine propulsion 3.3.1 Characteristic diagram for ICEs 3.3.2 Speed-tractive effort diagram: TE = f(V) 3.3.3 Vehicle motion force as a function of speed 3.4 Electric propulsion 3.4.1 Wayside electric power supply and its distribution to lines 3.4.2 Propulsion motors and their control 3.4.3 Electronic motor control 3.4.4 AC propulsion motors and their electronic control 3.4.5 Comparison of motor control types 3.4.6 Other propulsion systems 3.4.7 Vehicle acceleration force 3.4.8 Comparison of electric and diesel propulsions 3.5 Vehicle acceleration, braking, and stopping distances 3.5.1 Adhesion for wheel traction 3.5.2 Acceleration and braking forces and distances 3.6 Station-to-station travel analysis 3.6.1 Basic variables of vehicle motion 3.6.2 Regimes of motion 3.6.3 Travel time equations and diagrams 3.6.4 Sensitivity of travel time and speed to individual parameters 3.7 Energy consumption and efficiency 3.7.1 Structure of energy consumption analysis 3.7.2 Influence of operating regimes 3.7.3 Energy savings through preprogrammed driving 3.7.4 Measures of energy consumption Chapter 4 TRANSIT SYSTEM PERFORMANCE: CAPACITY, PRODUCTIVITY, EFFICIENCY AND UTILIZATION 4.1 Definitions of quantitative performance attributes 4.1.1 Basic attributes 4.1.2 Transportation work and productivity 4.1.3 Transit system efficiency and productivity 4.1.4 Consumption and utilization 4.2 Transit line capacity 4.2.1 Definitions 4.2.2 Vehicle capacity 4.3 Way capacity 4.3.1 Basic Elements 4.3.2 Vehicle control categories in transit operation 4.3.3 Operating safety regimes 4.3.4 Impacts of train size and control characteristics 4.3.5 Application of equations to different modes 4.4 Station capacity 4.4.1 Significance and definitions 4.4.2.

Components and influencing factors 4.4.3 Capacity diagrams and equations 4.4.3.1 Graphical solution 4.4.4 Measures to increase station capacity 4.5 Theoretical and practical capacities of major transit modes 4.5.1 Important considerations in capacity computations 4.5.2 Review of theoretical capacities 4.5.3 Actual capacities of major transit modes 4.6 Other quantitative performance measures 4.6.1 Transportation quantity or volume 4.6.2 System and network performance 4.6.3 Transportation work and productivity 4.6.4 Transit system efficiency (productivity) indicators 4.6.5 Consumption rates and utilization indicators 4.7 Environmental aspects and impacts of transit 4.7.1 Direct impacts: air pollution, noise, physical impacts 4.7.2 Long range: economic, ecological, energy 4.7.3 Impact on city: livability, sustainability Chapter 5 HIGHWAY TRANSIT: BUS, TROLLEYBUS AND BUS RAPID TRANSIT 5.1 Family of highway transit modes: 5.1.1 Definitions 5.1.2 General characteristics 5.1.3 Bus Transit System and Bus Rapid Transit concepts 5.2 The vehicles 5.2.1 Classification by propulsion systems 5.2.2 Classification by body type 5.2.3 Propulsion, equipment, and performance 5.2.4 Body structure and form 5.2.5 Review of bus models, characteristics, and design trends 5.3 Travel ways 5.3.1 Geometric elements 5.3.2 Operation in mixed traffic 5.3.3 Bus preferential treatments 5.3.4 Bus lanes on streets 5.3.5 Bus operations on freeways 5.3.6 Busways 5.4 Bus Rapid Transit 5.4.1 Definition 5.4.2 Concept evolution: successes and failures 5.4.3 Present developments 5.4.4 BRT potential and its limitations 5.4.5 Roles of BRT and BTS 5.5 Stops, stations and garages 5.5.1 Bus stops on streets 5.5.2 Stations and terminals 5.5.3 Garages, storage facilities, and maintenance shops 5.6 Operations, performance and costs 5.6.1 Operations and types of services 5.6.2 Performance characteristics 5.6.3 Service quality and system impacts 5.6.4 Costs 5.6.5 Trolleybuses: characteristics and applications 5.7 Present and future roles of highway transit modes Chapter 6 RAIL TRANSIT: STREETCARS/TRAMWAYS, LIGHT RAIL, RAPID TRANSIT AND REGIONAL RAIL 6.1 Family of rail transit modes 6.1.1 General characteristics 6.1.2 Definitions and characteristics of individual rail modes 6.2 Rolling stock 6.2.1 Rail vehicle types and basic components 6.2.2 Trucks, mechanical, and electrical equipment 6.2.3 Vehicle body 6.2.4 Review of characteristics of different vehicle models 6.2.5 Basic operating units and train consists 6.3 Rail transit ways: geometry and facilities 6.3.1 Geometric elements 6.3.2 Track superstructure 6.3.3 Rights-of-way 6.4 Rubber-tired rapid transit (RTRT) 6.4.1 Description of the technology 6.4.2 Characteristics and comparison with rail technology 6.4.3 Potential applications of rubber-tired rapid transit 6.5 Stops, stations and yards 6.5.1 At-grade stops 6.5.2 At-grade transfer stations 6.5.3 Controlled-access stations 6.5.4 Auto-transit interface stations 6.5.5 Rail transit yards and shops 6.6 Operations, performance and costs 6.6.1 Vehicle/trains travel controls and automation 6.6.2 Performance characteristics of rail modes 6.6.3 Rail transit costs 6.7 Present and future role of rail transit 6.7.1 Trends and impacts of urban population and auto ownership growth 6.7.2 Goals and objectives in building rail transit systems 6.7.3 What size city for rapid transit? 6.7.4 Development of rail transit in the USA 6.7.5 Present and future role of rail transit around the world Chapter 7 UNCONVENTIONAL CONCEPTS AND SYSTEMS, AUTOMATED GUIDED TRANSIT AND MONORAILS 7.1 Evaluation of conventional systems and potential for innovations 7.2 Analysis of systems components 7.2.1 Vehicle support, guidance and switches 7.2.2 Vehicle/TU capacity 7.2.3 Dual-mode operations 7.2.4 Fully automatic operation 7.3 Unconventional modes and systems 7.3.1 Automated guided transit and automated people movers 7.3.2 Monorails 7.3.3 Personal rapid transit 7.4 Evaluation of unconventional modes and new concepts Chapter 8 SPECIALIZED TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS 8.1 Short-haul and shuttle transit systems 8.1.1 Pedestrians and pedestrian-assisting systems 8.1.2 Short-haul transit modes 8.1.3 Significance of short-haul transportation 8.1.4 Point-to-point shuttles and lines 8.2 Terrain-specialized technologies 8.2.1 Rail systems with auxiliary traction 8.2.2 Aerial tramways 8.3 Water-borne transit systems 8.3.1 Types of vessels 8.3.2 Ferryboat services Chapter 9 PARATRANSIT 9.1 Definition and classification 9.2 Modified uses of private transportation 9.2.1 Car rentals 9.2.2 Carpooling 9.3 Semipublic paratransit 9.3.1 Vanpools 9.3.2 Subscription buses 9.4 Public (regular) paratransit 9.4.1 Car sharing 9.4.2 Taxis 9.4.3 Jitneys 9.4.4 Dial-a-ride and hybrid services 9.5 Evaluation of paratransit and its roles 9.5.1 Characteristics of paratransit 9.5.2 Potential improvements 9.5.3 Present and potential roles of paratransit Chapter 10 COMPARISONS OF TRANSIT MODES 10.1 Characteristics and roles of street, semirapid and rapid transit 10.2 Comparisons of medium-capacity transit modes: BRT, LRT, AGT 10.2.1 Prospects and limitations of BRT 10.2.2 Record and role of LRT 10.2.3 Comparison of LRT and BRT 10.2.4 Increasing role of automation 10.2.5 Role of AGT 10.2.6 ALRT or Minimetro 10.3 Domain and role of metro systems 10.3.1 Rapid transit compared to LRT: Heavy or Light Rail? 10.3.2 Rapid transit compared to BRT 10.4 Mode choice: professional, theoretical and special interests 10.4.1 Continuing attacks on rail transit 10.4.2 Emotional biases and unrealistic models of transit modes 10.4.3 Intraprofessional modal disagreements 10.4.4 Importance of rational choice of modes 10.4.5 Advantages and costs of intermodal transit systems