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Contents CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Bar Charts 2 Shortcomings of Bar Charts 3 The Sports Facility Project 7 Value of Bar Charts 7 Other Scheduling Approaches 10 Work Breakdown Structure 11 Reasons for Planning and Scheduling in Construction 14 Review Questions 15 CHAPTER 2 DEVELOPING A NETWORK MODEL 17 Steps in Building a Network Model 17 Defining Activities 18 Ordering Activities 20 Drawing the Network Diagram 23 Assigning Durations to Activities 26 Assigning Resources and Costs 27 Calculating Early and Late Start/Finish Times 27 Identify the Critical Path 27 Scheduling Activity Start/Finish Times 28 Final Comments 28 Review Questions 28 CHAPTER 3 PRECEDENCE DIAGRAMS 30 Precedence (Activity-on-Node) Networks 30 Activity Relationships 31 Basics about Precedence Diagrams 40 Calculations on a Precedence Network 44 Independent Float and Interfering Float 50 Final Comments 53 Review Problems 54 CHAPTER 4 DETERMINING ACTIVITY DURATIONS 65 Estimating 65 Types of Estimates 66 Conceptual Estimates 66 Detailed Estimates 66 Conducting a Detailed Estimate 66 Estimating Durations 72 Scheduling Issues 75 Factors Influencing Choice of Activity Schedules 76 Weather and the Schedule 77 Uncertainty in Duration Estimates 78 Final Comments 81 Review Problems 81 CHAPTER 5 TIME IN CONTRACT PROVISIONS 83 Time Is of the Essence 84 Requirements for Project Coordination 84 Cooperation 85 Progress Schedule 85 Ownership of Float 91 Notice to Proceed 93 Time of Completion 94 Units of Time: Working Days or Calendar Days 95 Liquidated Damages-Damages for Late Completion 98 Weather 99 Use of Completed Portions of the Work 99 Substantial Completion 100 Notice of Delays 101 Avoidable Delays 101 Unavoidable Delays 102 Extension of Time (Avoidable Delays) 102 Extension of Time (Unavoidable Delays) 102 Submittals 104 Progress Payments 105 Payment for Materials 107 Final Payment 107 Suspension 107 Termination by Contractor 108 Final Comments 109 Review Questions 109 CHAPTER 6 RESOURCE ALLOCATION AND RESOURCE LEVELING 110 The Management of Resources 110 When Resources Are Limited (Resource Allocation) 111 The Manual Solution for Resource Allocation 113 The Brooks Method of Resource Allocation 122 When Project Duration Is Fixed (Resource Leveling) 129 The Manual Solution for Resource Leveling 131 The Sports Facility Project 139 Final Comments 140 Review Problems 142 CHAPTER 7 MONEY AND NETWORK SCHEDULES 157 Cash Flow 158 The Time Value of Money 158 Interest Rates 158 Contractor Cash Disbursements 159 Contract Provisions That Impact Cash Flow 161 Owner Policies and Practices That Impact Cash Flow 163 The Cash-Flow Analysis 163 The Sports Facility Project 165 The Present Worth of Cash Flow 165 The Value of Cash-Flow Analysis 166 Time-Cost Trade-Offs 169 Direct Costs 170 Indirect Job Costs (Job Overhead) 170 Overhead (Company Overhead) 170 Profit 170 Four Different Solutions for Each Network 174 Logically Reducing Project Duration 175 Final Comments 186 Review Problems 187 CHAPTER 8 PROJECT MONITORING AND CONTROL 192 Construction Time 192 Effective Scheduling 194 Monitoring Project Status 195 Difficulties in Assessing Progress 199 Updating the Schedule 200 Controlling the Project 201 The Sports Facility Project 203 As-Built Schedules 204 Final Comments 207 Review Questions 207 CHAPTER 9 COMPUTER SCHEDULING 209 Computer Scheduling Terms 211 Scheduling Software 213 Primavera (P3(r)) 214 SureTrak Project Manager 215 Microsoft Project 215 Creating a Schedule 215 Updating a Schedule 219 Presenting a Schedule 219 Useful Software Features 221 Sorting and Filtering 221 Global Editing 222 Cash-Flow Analysis 222 Resource Leveling 222 Linking to Other Project Management Software 222 Final Comments 224 Review Questions 224 CHAPTER 10 -EARNED VALUE: A MEANS FOR INTEGRATING COSTS AND SCHEDULE 225 The Earned Value Concept 226 Difficulties in Integrating Cost and Schedule Systems 231 Final Comments 234 Review Questions and Problems 235 CHAPTER 11 -THE IMPACT OF SCHEDULING DECISION ON PRODUCTIVITY 239 Working Overtime 239 Increasing the Workforce (Crowding) 242 Increasing the Number of Starting Points 244 Identifying the Causes of Delays 246 Interruption of Work on Multiple Units (Impact of Lost Learning) 247 Learning Applied to Individual Units 250 Learning Applied to Cumulative Average Units 253 What Happens When Work Is Interrupted? 255 Other Sources of Lost Productivity 258 Final Comments 259 Review Problems 259 CHAPTER 12 CPM IN DISPUTE RESOLUTION AND LITIGATION 263 Going to Court 263 Types of Schedules 270 Impact of Changes 271 Impact of Delays 272 Final Comments 273 Review Questions 273 CHAPTER 13 SHORT-INTERVAL SCHEDULES 274 Short-Interval Schedules in the Literature 276 How Contractors Use Short-Interval Schedules 276 Other Short-Interval Schedules 281 Final Comments 286 Review Questions 289 CHAPTER 14 LINEAR SCHEDULING 290 What Is Linear Scheduling? 293 Example 1: Project to Replace a State Park Walkway 297 Production Rate Diagrams 297 Buffers 299 Generating the Linear Schedule 299 Example 2: Project to Construct 500 Tract Housing Units 301 Final Comments 305 Review Questions 305 CHAPTER 15 -PERT: PROGRAM EVALUATION AND REVIEW TECHNIQUE 306 Uncertainty in Activity Duration Estimates 306 Uncertainty in the Duration Estimates of an Activity Chain 311 Uncertainty in the Duration Estimates of Projects 313 Monte Carlo Simulation 314 Final Comments 316 Practice Problems 316 CHAPTER 16 ARROW DIAGRAMS 319 Activity Relationships 320 The i-j Notation of Activities 323 Dummies 323 Performing Time Calculations with Arrow Diagrams 329 Float Values 336 Understanding Free Float and Total Float 342 Final Comments 345 Review Problems 346 REFERENCES 355 ADDITIONAL REFERENCES 357 INDEX 361