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C O N T E N T S [fto_tx]PREFACE 00 C H A P T E R 1 Introducing Social Psychology I N T R O D U C T I O N What Is Social Psychology? Social Psychology Studies How We Are Influenced by Others Social Psychology Is More Than Common Sense Social Psychology Studies How Social Reality is Created (and Recreated) Organizing Principles of Explanation in Social Psychology The Self Is Shaped by-and Shapes-the Social Environment Our Social Thinking Can Be Automatic or Deliberate Culture Shapes Social Behavior Evolution Shapes Universal Patterns of Social Behavior Brain Activity Affects and Is Affected by Social Behavior W E B S I T E S CHAPTER 2 Conducting Research in Social Psychology C H A P T E R O U T L I N E I N T R O D U C T I O N The Goals and Process of Research Two Research Goals Are Acquiring and Applying Knowledge The Research Process Involves a Series of Steps Common Scientific Methods Description Is the Goal of Observational Research Correlational Research Assesses the Direction and Strength of the Relationship Between Variables Experimental Research Can Determine Cause-Effect Relationships Employing Replication and Emerging Technologies Meta-analysis Examines the Outcomes of Many Studies Social Psychologists Are Using Emerging Technologies in Their Research W E B S I T E S CHAPTER 3 The Self C H A P T E R O U T L I N E I N T R O D U C T I O N The Self As Both Active Agent and Object of Attention Contemporary Self Theories Are Based on the Insights of James and Mead Self-Awareness Is Reflective Thinking Self-Regulation Is the Self's Most Important Function The Self As a Knowledge Structure Self-Schemas Are the Ingredients of Self-Concept Cultural Beliefs About Self-Group Relationships Shape Self-Concept Cultural Beliefs About Gender Shape Self-Concept Social Identities Establish "What" and "Where" We Are As Social Beings Presenting the Self to Others Self-Presentations Are Either Consciously or Automatically Constructed Self-Presentation Strategies Differ in Their Goals High Self-Monitors Are Social Chameleons Evaluating the Self Self-Esteem Influences How We Approach and Respond to Life Challenges Self-Enhancement and Self-Verification Motives Conflict in Low Self-Esteem Persons There Is A Dark Side to High Self-Esteem In Social Relationships, Self-Esteem Is Maintained Through Social Reflection and Social Comparison F E A T U R E D S T U D Y Inducing Positive Moods to Replenish Self-Regulation A P P L I C A T I O N S Preview: Do You Engage in Binge Drinking or Eating to Escape from Yourself? THE BIG PICTURE W E B S I T E S CHAPTER 4 Social Cognition and Person Perception C H A P T E R O U T L I N E I N T R O D U C T I O N How Does Automatic Thinking Help Us Make Sense of Social Information? We Are Categorizing Creatures Schemas Affect What Information We Notice and Later Remember Schemas Can Be Situationally or Chronically Activated Heuristics are Time-Saving Mental Shortcuts How Does Deliberate Thinking Help Us Make Sense of Past Events? The Hindsight Bias Is Fueled by Our Desire for Sense Making Counterfactual Thinking Is Likely Following Negative and Unexpected Events Suppressing Thoughts Can Sometimes Backfire Person Perception Our Impressions of Others Are Shaped by Their Nonverbal Behavior Culture and Gender Influence the Expression of Nonverbal Cues Most of Us Are Poor Deception Detectors We Develop Implicit Personality Theories Based on Central Traits Making Attributions We Rely upon Particular Information When Explaining People's Actions Correspondent Inference Theory Assumes That People Prefer Making Dispositional Attributions The Covariation Model Explains Attributions Derived from Multiple Observational Points There Are Biases in the Attribution Process Making Attributions Involves Both Automatic and Deliberate Thinking F E A T U R E D S T U D Y Does Unrealistic Optimism Change Following a Negative Experience? A P P L I C A T I O N S How Do You Explain Negative Events in Your Life? T H E B I G P I C T U R E W E B S I T E S CHAPTER 5 Attitudes and Persuasion C H A P T E R O U T L I N E I N T R O D U C T I O N The Nature of Attitudes Attitudes Are Positive or Negative Evaluations of Objects Implicit Attitudes May Underlie Explicit Attitudes Reference Groups Shape Social and Political Attitudes The Functional Approach Asserts That Attitudes Are Formed to Satisfy Current Needs How Does Automatic Thinking Shape Attitudes and Behavior? Mere Exposure Can Lead to Positive Attitudes Attitudes Can Form Through Classical Conditioning Reinforcement and Punishment Can Shape Attitudes Attitudes Are Influenced by Changes in Facial Expression, Head Movement, and Body Posture How Does Deliberate Thinking Shape Attitudes and Behavior? Cognitive Dissonance Theory Asserts That Rationalization Shapes Attitudes Cognitive Consistency Is Not a Universal Motive Self-Perception Theory Contends That Behavior Causes Attitudes The Theory of Planned Behavior Explains "Thought-Through" Actions The Nature of Persuasion Persuasion Can Occur Through Both Effortful and Effortless Thinking Persuader Credibility and Attractiveness Can Affect Persuasion Rapid Speech Encourages Peripheral-Route Persuasion While Hindering Central-Route Processing Emotions Motivate, Enhance, and Hinder Persuasion Two-Sided Messages Inoculate Audiences Against Opposing Views We Can Develop Attitude Certainty by Actively Trying to Counterargue F E A T U R E D S T U D Y Subliminal Priming and Brand Choice A P P L I C A T I O N S Can You Be Persuaded by Subliminal Messages? T H E B I G P I C T U R E W E B S I T E S CHAPTER 6 Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination C H A P T E R O U T L I N E I N T R O D U C T I O N Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Components of Intergroup Conflict Stereotypes Are Beliefs About Social Groups Prejudice Is an Attitude and Discrimination Is an Action There Are Three Basic Forms of Prejudice Common Targets of Intolerance in Contemporary Society Race-Based Appearance Cues Can Trigger Discrimination Modern-Day Racism Is More Ambivalent Than Openly Hostile Sexism Has Both a Hostile and a Benevolent Component Intolerance Based on Sexual Orientation and Weight Is Often Accepted Stigmatized Groups Can Experience Stereotype Threat What Motives and Social Factors Shape Prejudice and Discrimination? Ingroup Members Are Favored Over Outgroup Members Intergroup Competition Can Lead to Prejudice Prejudice Can Serve as a Justification for Oppression Authoritarianism Is Associated with Hostility Toward Outgroups Can We Reduce Intergroup Bias and Intolerance? Stereotype Subcategories Foster the Retention of Global Stereotypes Prejudice and Discrimination Can Be Reduced by Monitoring Stereotyped Thinking Targets of Prejudice Can Become Positive Social Change Agents The Contact Hypothesis Identifies Social Conditions That Reduce Intergroup Conflict F E A T U R E D S T U D Y Interethnic Roommate Contact and Prejudice Reduction A P P L I C A T I O N S How Can Our Schools Be Positive Institutions of Social Change? THE BIG PICTURE W E B S I T E S CHAPTER 7 Social Influence C H A P T E R O U T L I N E I N T R O D U C T I O N What Is Social Influence? Conformity, Compliance, and Obedience Are Different Types of Social Influence People with Social Power Are More Likely to Initiate Action Classic and Contemporary Conformity Research Sherif Analyzed Conformity to an

Reality Specific Situations Can Automatically Activate Specific Social Norms Asch Analyzed Conformity to a Unanimous Majority Normative and Informational Influence Shape Conformity Schachter Investigated the Rejection of the Nonconformist What Factors Influence Conformity? Situational Factors Impact Conformity Personal Factors Influence Conformity Cultures Differ in Their Conformity Patterns The Minority Can Influence the Majority Conformity Is Sometimes Automatically Activated Compliance Manipulating Moods and Invoking Norms Fosters Compliance Two-Step Compliance Strategies Are Effective for Different Reasons Obedience Milgram's Research Suggests That Destructive Obedience Is Fairly Common Orders to Inflict Psychological Harm on Victims Are Often Obeyed Observing Others Defy Authority Greatly Reduces Obedience Toward a Unified Understanding of Social Influence Social Impact Theory Explains Influence Strength F E A T U R E D S T U D Y Falsely Accepting Guilt A P P L I C A T I O N S Could You Be Pressured to Falsely Confess to a Crime? T H E B I G P I C T U R E W E B S I T E S CHAPTER 8 Group Behavior C H A P T E R O U T L I N E I N T R O D U C T I O N The Nature of Groups Group Success Fosters Social Identification Groups Differ in Their Social Cohesiveness Groups Accomplish Instrumental Tasks and Satisfy Socioemotional Needs Group Structure Develops Quickly and Changes Slowly There Are Five Phases to Group Membership Group Influence on Individual Behavior Social Facilitation Enhances Easy Tasks and Inhibits Difficult Tasks Social Loafing Involves Diffusion of Responsibility Deindividuation Involves the Loss of Individual Identity Decision Making in Groups Group Decision Making Occurs in Stages and Follows Various Rules Group Discussion Enhances Majority Opinions Consensus Seeking Overrides Critical Analysis in Groupthink Leadership A Leader Is an Influence Agent Transformational Leaders Inspire Followers The Contingency Model is n Interactionist View of Leadership Gender and Culture Can Influence Leadership Style Group Interests Versus Individual Interests Social Dilemmas Occur When Short-Term and Long-Term Interests Conflict Cooperation Is Necessary to Resolve Social Dilemmas F E A T U R E D S T U D Y Group Decision Rules in Civil Juries A P P L I C A T I O N S How Do Juries Make Decisions? P R E V I E W The decision-making process of juries demonstrates the social psychology of small-group behavior, except for the fact that dissenters cannot be expelled.

Yet how do jury size and rules concerning conviction influence the deliberation process? T H E B I G P I C T U R E W E B S I T E S CHAPTER 9 Interpersonal Attraction C H A P T E R O U T L I N E I N T R O D U C T I O N Affiliation Needs Two Reasons for Affiliation Are Comparison and Exchange Our Evolutionary Heritage and Biology Influence Our Affiliation Desires Socialization Shapes Our Inborn Affiliation Tendencies Characteristics of the Situation and Attraction Close Proximity Fosters Liking Our Affiliation Desires Increase with Anxiety Characteristics of Others and Attraction We Are Drawn Toward the Physically Attractive There Are Gender-Based Attractiveness Standards Gender-Based Attractiveness Standards Shape Body Esteem Social Comparison Influences Attractiveness Birds of a Feather Really Do Flock Together We Are Also Attracted to "Complementary" Others We Like Those Who Like Us When Social Interaction Becomes Problematic Social Anxiety Can Keep Us Isolated from Others Loneliness Is the Consequence of Social Isolation F E A T U R E D S T U D Y Loneliness and Social Monitoring A P P L I C A T I O N S How Can Social Skills Training Improve Your Life? T H E B I G P I C T U R E W E B S I T E S CHAPTER 10 Intimate Relationships C H A P T E R O U T L I N E I N T R O D U C T I O N What Is Intimacy? Intimacy Involves Including Another in Your Self-Concept Parent-Child Attachment and Later Adult Relationships Attachment Is an Inborn Adaptive Response Attachment Styles Influence Romantic Relationships Friendship Self-Disclosure Shapes Friendship Development and Maintenance Gender Differences Exist in Heterosexual Friendships Cross-Sex Heterosexual Friendships Gravitate to an "Intimacy Mean" Gender Differences Disappear in Same-Sex Homosexual Friendships Romantic Relationships Culture Shapes How We Think About Romantic Love Online Romance and Speed Dating Follow Similar Rules As Face-to-Face Romance Passionate Love Can Be Triggered by Excitation Transfer Companionate Love Is More Stable and Enduring Than Passionate Love Women and Men May Differ in Their Experience of Love Will Love Endure? Social Disapproval of One's Partner Harms Relationship Stability People Are Happiest With Romantic Equity Self-Esteem Can Both Facilitate and Undermine Romantic Love Perceiving Partners in the Best Possible Light Leads to Satisfying Relationships Partners Who Can "Read" Each Other's Thoughts and Feelings Are Happier Social Support Predicts Relationship Satisfaction We Are Meaner to Those We Love Than We Are to Strangers People Use Different Strategies to Cope with a Troubled Relationship Romantic Breakups Often Cause Emotional Distress F E A T U R E D S T U D Y Mate Poaching Across Cultures A P P L I C A T I O N S What Causes Jealousy and How Can You Cope with It? T H E B I G P I C T U R E W E B S I T E S CHAPTER 11 C H A P T E R O U T L I N E Aggression I N T R O D U C T I O N What Is Aggression? Aggression Is Intentional Harm A Distinction Is Made Between Instrumental and Hostile Aggression Gender and Personality Moderate the Expression of Aggression Intergroup Aggression Is Often More Extreme Than Interpersonal Aggression The Biology of Aggression Evolution Shaped Our Aggressive Behavior Patterns Biological Factors Influence Aggressive Behavior Aggression As a Reaction to Negative Affect The Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis Asserts That Frustration Triggers Aggression The Cognitive-Neoassociationist Model Explains Our Initial Reaction to Provocation Alcohol Consumption Increases the Likelihood of Aggression Excitation Transfer Can Intensify Hostility-Based Aggression Learning Aggressive Behavior Social Learning Theory Emphasizes the Shaping of Aggressive Behavior Media and Video Violence Fosters Aggressive Behavior The "Culture of Honor" Encourages Male Violence Sexual Aggression Pornography Promotes the "Rape Myth" and May Increase Violence Against Women Culture-Based Sexual Scripts Make Acquaintance Rape More Likely Sexual Jealousy Often Leads to Intimate Violence Reducing Aggression Punishment Can Both Decrease and Increase Aggression Inducing Incompatible Responses Can Inhibit Aggression Teaching Nonaggressive Responses to Provocation Can Control Aggression F E A T U R E D S T U D Y Sexually Aggressive Men's Cognitive Associations About Women, Sex, Hostility, and Power A P P L I C A T I O N S How Can Acquaintance Rape Be Prevented? W E B S I T E S CHAPTER 12 Prosocial Behavior: Helping Others C H A P T E R O U T L I N E I N T R O D U C T I O N Why Do We Help? There Are Two Basic Forms of Helping Helping Is Consistent with Evolutionary Theory Social Norms Define the Rules of Helping Others Gender and Personality Influence Helping Responses Learning to Be a Helper Involves Both Observation and Direct Reinforcement When Do We Help? Bystander Intervention Involves a Series of Decisions Outcome and Information Dependence Produce the Audience Inhibition Effect Diffusion of Responsibility Increases with the Number of Bystanders Bystander Intervention Is Also Shaped by Emotional Arousal and Cost-Reward Assessments Positive and Negative Moods Can Either Increase or Decrease Helping The Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis Contends That Empathy Produces Altruistic Motivation Whom Do We Help? We Tend to Help Similar Others We Help Deserving Others, But We Also Blame Victims Are There Hidden Costs for Help Recipients? Being Unable to Reciprocate Help Can Create Stress Receiving Help Can Threaten Self-Esteem F E A T U R E D S T U D Y Can Imagining the Presence of Others Induce the Bystander Effect? A P P L I C A T I O N S Can Social Psychological Knowledge Enhance Prosocial Behavior? T H E B I G P I C T U R E W E B S I T E S Appendix A-1 Glossary G-1 References R-1 Credits C-1 Name Index N-1 Subject Index S-1